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Elements are declared in logical groups. Put elements in the groups where you best can maintain them and most easily keep track of them. A DTD typically has:
In most DTDs, the groups of elements follow these guidelines. If a DTD does not obey these guidelines exactly, it usually follows some of them and uses whatever organization is best for the application. In a mathematics application, for example, you might group elements according to the different types of equations or according to the different types of calculations involved.
Listing 12.4 shows another type of element group: processing instructions.
Caution:
Processing instructions are normally machine-specific, so avoid putting them in your DTDs. They limit the usefulness of a DTD, but sometimes they are necessary.
Listing 12.4 A DTD with Logically Grouped Elements
<!-- This is a Document Type Definition for newspapers
with special consideration of requirements for Persons
with special needs to be presented in Braille,
as large print editions or by artificial speakers -->
<!-- This DTD was written by Manfred Kruger (MID Logistics
Heidelberg, Germany) on the base of a paper written
by Uli Strempel (SBA), entitled ‘Pre-final verbal
description of the HAN-DTD-NP (EIF VER. 0.9)’, dated
July 24, 1992, and on the DTD called BRL-2, written
by Yuri Rubinsky (ICADD); not all concepts contained in this
paper and the DTD are taken into consideration. It was
furthermore discussed and elaborated by some members
of the CAPS Consortium:
- Uli Strempel (Stiftung Blindenanstalt, Germany)
- Rolf Schmidt (Stiftung Blindenanstalt, Germany)
- Pierre Bazex (Université Paul Sabatier, France)
- Keith Gladstone (RNIB, Great Britain)
- Henryk Rubinstein (Textalk, Sweden)
- Bart Bauwens (Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium) -->
<!-- Version 1.0
Author: Manfred Kruger
Started: October 17, 1992 (MK)
Last Changes: May 18, 1993 (BB)
Logfile of changes:
* October 20, 1992: parameter entity %spndata; added (BB)
* October 21, 1992: minimization type of end-tags of several
elements were changed to ‘O’; further study of the
minimization types may be necessary.
* February 27, 1993: first update; changed pictures
and figures concept (BB)
* May 18, 1993: added ICADD table (BB)
-->
<!-- Special needs data -->
<!ENTITY % spndata "(#PCDATA | abbr | unct |number)+"
-- special needs data containing a mixture of abbreviations,
uncontractable elements, numbers and PCDATA -->
<!-- Parameter entities; following AAP -->
<!ENTITY % i.float "fig|picture|ipp" -- floating elements -->
<!ENTITY % p.em.ph "it | b | bi | e1 | e2 | e3" -- emphasis -->
<!ENTITY % p.rf.ph "xref" -- internal crossrefs -->
<!ENTITY % p.zz.ph "q | emq | lang | (%p.em.ph;) | (%p.rf.ph;) |
sup | inf"
-- phrases -- >
<!ENTITY % p.el "ul" -- unordered lists -->
<!ENTITY % p.tbl "table" -- table matter -->
<!ENTITY % p.zz "%p.el; | %p.tbl;" -- paragraph subelements -->
<!ENTITY % m.p "(%spndata; | (%p.zz.ph;) | (%p.zz;))*"
-- paragraph text -->
<!ENTITY % m.ph "(%spndata; | (%p.zz.ph;))*" >
<!ENTITY % para "(p | cap | (continrf,continpt))+">
<!-- Main structure for a newspaper -->
<!ELEMENT capsnews - - (issue, (group|advert|newssect|newstbl|
picture|fig)+)
-- It is assumed that a document instance of capsnews represents one
edition of one newspaper. The newspaper may consist of a collection of
article groups, advertisements, (short)news and pictures.
They may occur in any order. M.K. -->
<!-- Issue related information -->
<!ELEMENT issue - - (pinfo, npinfo, edinfo)
-- The issue elements are taken from the MAJOUR-application
as far as applicable for newspapers M.K. -->
<!-- Publisher Information -->
<!ELEMENT pinfo - O (pnm, loc*)+ >
<!ELEMENT pnm - O %spndata; -- name of the publisher-->
<!ELEMENT loc - O (#PCDATA) -- location -->
<!-- Newspaper information -->
<!ELEMENT npinfo - O (npid, nptl, npsbt?)>
<!ELEMENT npid - O %spndata; -- newspaper identifier -->
<!ELEMENT nptl - O %spndata; -- newspaper title -->
<!ELEMENT npsbt - O %spndata; -- newspaper subtitle -->
<!-- Edition information -->
<!ELEMENT edinfo - O (loc, yid, iid, cd)>
<!ELEMENT yid - O (#PCDATA) -- year identifier -->
<!ELEMENT iid - O (#PCDATA) -- issue identifier -->
<!ELEMENT cd - O (#PCDATA) -- cover date -->
<!-- Group structure -->
<!ELEMENT group - - (grtitle, (group | article)+)>
<!-- Article structure -->
<!ELEMENT article - - (kwd*, hdline?, atl, sbt?, edloc?, artdate?,
source?, abs-p?, au?, %para;, au?, source?)
+(%i.float;)>
<!ELEMENT grtitle - O %spndata; -- group title -->
<!ELEMENT hdline - O %m.ph; +(lb) -- this headline should be
considered as a supertitle -->
<!ELEMENT atl - - %m.ph; +(lb) -- article title -->
<!ELEMENT sbt - O %m.ph; +(lb) -- article subtitle -->
<!ELEMENT au - O %spndata; -- can include the text around
the author’s name M.K. -->
<!ELEMENT edloc - O %spndata; -- editing location -->
<!ELEMENT artdate - O (#PCDATA) -- article date -->
<!ELEMENT source - O %spndata; -- source (a news agency or
the newspaper itself) -->
<!ELEMENT abs-p - O (%m.p;) -- highlighted paragraph,
often used for summarizing or
abstracting purposes -->
<!ELEMENT p - O (%m.p;) -- normal paragraph -->
<!ELEMENT cap - O %spndata; +(lb)
-- caption; used simply as some highlighted text between paragraphs-->
<!ELEMENT continrf - O (#PCDATA) -- continuation reference;
only necessary where the continuation of the article is separated -->
<!ELEMENT continpt - O %spndata; -- continuation point;
often repeating the article title
in abbreviated form -->
<!-- Following first level elements in capsnews are not
yet examined. M.K.
-->
<!ELEMENT (advert|newssect|newstbl)
- - CDATA -- has to be defined. M.K. -->
<!-- Paragraph subelements; following AAP -->
<!-- Phrases -->
<!ELEMENT q - - %m.ph; -- (inline) quotation -->
<!ELEMENT emq - - %m.ph; -- embedded quotation -->
<!ELEMENT lang - - (pht?,npht) -- foreign language text -->
<!ELEMENT pht - O (#PCDATA) -- phonetic transcription -->
<!ELEMENT npht - O %spndata; --nonphonetic part-->
<!ELEMENT (%p.em.ph;) - - %m.ph; -- all emphasizes -->
<!ELEMENT (%p.rf.ph;) - - %m.ph; -- all crossrefs -->
<!ELEMENT abbr - - (#PCDATA) -- abbreviated term,
to be spoken as letters -->
<!ELEMENT unct - - (#PCDATA) -- not contractable in Braille -->
<!ELEMENT number - - (#PCDATA) -- number which requires
special formatting in Braille -->
<!ELEMENT ipp - - (#PCDATA) -- ink print page number -->
<!ELEMENT (sup | inf) - - (#PCDATA) -- superscript and subscript -->
<!-- Paragraph subelements -->
<!ELEMENT ul - - (lh?, li)* -- unordered list -->
<!ELEMENT li - - (p+) -- list item; simplified content model;
may be sufficient for newspaper articles.
M.K. -->
<!ELEMENT lh - - %m.ph; -- list header -->
<!ELEMENT kwd - O %spndata; -- keyword -->
<!-- Tables: we refer to the ICADD table DTD:
this DTD has also some provisions for the print disabled -->
<!ENTITY % tables PUBLIC "-//EC-USA-CDA/ICADD
//DTD ICADD-4//EN" "ICADD.Tables">
%tables;
<!-- Figures: see declarations in DTP DTD -->
<!ELEMENT fig - - (gfc, fignum?, ti?, figdesc?, sfigdesc?) >
<!ELEMENT (fignum |figdesc | sfigdesc)
- O %spndata;
-- figdesc gives a description of the figure,
sfigdesc gives a shorter description -- >
<!-- Pictures: similar to figures -->
<!ELEMENT picture - - (gfc, ti?, figdesc?, by?)>
<!ELEMENT by - O %spndata; -- contains the source -->
<!ELEMENT ti - - %m.ph; -- title -->
<!ELEMENT gfc - O EMPTY -- notation attributes may be added -->
<!ELEMENT lb - O EMPTY>
<!ENTITY invblk "[invblk]" -- invisible blank -->
<!-- public entities as per ISO/IEC TR 9573 -->
<!ENTITY % ISOLAT1 PUBLIC "ISO 8879-1986//ENTITIES Added Latin 1//EN">
%ISOLAT1;
<!ENTITY % ISOLAT2 PUBLIC "ISO 8879-1986//ENTITIES Added Latin 2//EN">
%ISOLAT2;
<!ENTITY % ISOPUB PUBLIC "ISO 8879-1986//ENTITIES Publishing//EN">
%ISOPUB;
<!-- Attribute definition lists -->
<!ATTLIST capsnews language NAME #REQUIRED
-- The name has to be given according to ISO 639 --
topics NMTOKENS #IMPLIED>
<!ATTLIST cd year NUMBER #REQUIRED
month NUMBER #REQUIRED
day NUMBER #REQUIRED>
<!ATTLIST edinfo topics NMTOKENS #REQUIRED
-- The topics (sections) making up the edition
are listed here as attribute values.
Each article will have the theme name it
is belonging to.-->
<!ATTLIST group level (1|2|3|4|5|6|7) #REQUIRED
grtitle CDATA #IMPLIED>
<!ATTLIST article language NAME #IMPLIED -- only necessary
to be specified where the language of the article
differs from the language attribute value given
in capsnews --
topic NMTOKEN #IMPLIED
id ID #IMPLIED
page NUTOKEN #REQUIRED
pagepos NUTOKEN #IMPLIED
pgspused NUMBER #IMPLIED
sizewrds NUMBER #IMPLIED
noarch (yes|no) yes
boxed (true|false) false >
<!ATTLIST hdline pointsz NUMBER #REQUIRED >
<!ATTLIST atl pointsz NUMBER #REQUIRED
font NMTOKEN #REQUIRED
fstyle (regular|bold|italic|boldital)
#REQUIRED>
<!ATTLIST source source (newsagcy | own) #IMPLIED >
<!ATTLIST artdate year NUMBER #IMPLIED
month NUMBER #IMPLIED
day NUMBER #IMPLIED>
<!ATTLIST cap pointsz NUMBER #REQUIRED
emph (reg | it | b | bi | other) reg
struct (section | inbetw) inbetw
--may express sectioning or simply in-between titleing -->
<!ATTLIST continrf rid IDREF #REQUIRED
page NUTOKEN #REQUIRED
pagepos NUTOKEN #REQUIRED>
<!ATTLIST continpt id ID #REQUIRED>
<!ATTLIST lang lang NAME #REQUIRED >
<!ATTLIST number kind (normal|tele|other) #IMPLIED >
<!ATTLIST fig id ID #IMPLIED
page NUTOKEN #REQUIRED
pagepos NUTOKEN #REQUIRED
pgspused NUMBER #REQUIRED >
<!ATTLIST (%p.rf.ph;) rid IDREF #IMPLIED>
<!ATTLIST picture id ID #IMPLIED
page NUTOKEN #REQUIRED
pagepos NUTOKEN #REQUIRED
pgspused NUMBER #REQUIRED>
<!ATTLIST gfc id ID #IMPLIED
sizex NUTOKEN #IMPLIED
sizey NUTOKEN #IMPLIED
unit CDATA #IMPLIED>
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